Rorschach e residência médica: estudo prospectivo com residentes de ortopedia e traumatologia / Rorschach and medical residency: prospective study with orthopedic and traumatology residents / Rorschach y residencia médica: estudio prospectivo con los residentes de ortopedia y traumatología

Identificar e comparar ao longo do período de residência de ortopedia a presença de dificuldades emocionais nos profissionais em treinamento. MÉTODO: estudo prospectivo composto por 13 residentes homens, média de idade de 26 anos. Foi utilizado o Método de Rorschach (SC) aplicado no 1º mês do R1 (T0), no 12º mês do R1 (T2) e no 9º mês do R3 (T3) RESULTADOS: elevada quantidade de respostas MOR em T0, que diminuiu acentuadamente ao longo do tempo (T3). Com relação as variáveis FD S, ambas apresentaram mínima diminuição de T0 para T3, contudo, mostraram-se aumentadas expressivamente em T2. Os residentes iniciam o R1 apresentando componentes autodepreciativos, que se dissipam ao longo do tempo e mantêm as características de autocobrança e autoinspeção. CONCLUSÃO: a residência médica não se apresenta deletéria, contudo, pode ser fonte potencializadora de vulnerabilidades emocionais principalmente durante o primeiro ano devido à inexperiência, ritmo e intensidade da tarefa médica. (AU)

The aim was to identify and compare the presence of emotional difficulties during the orthopedic residency period of professional medical training. This prospective study included 13 male residents, with a mean age of 26 years. The Rorschach (SC) instrument was applied in the 1st month of R1 (T0), after 12 months of R1 (T2) and after 9 months of R3 (T3). There were high amounts of MOR responses at T0, which decreased markedly over time (T3). The FD and S variables showed a minimal decrease from T0 to T3, however, increased significantly at T2. The residents began R1 presenting self-deprecating components, which dissipated over time, with the maintenance of self-inspection and self-burdening as traits. The medical residency program does not appear to be harmful, however, it may be a source of emotional vulnerability, especially during the first year due to the inexperience and the pace and intensity of the medical tasks. (AU)

Identificar y comparar durante el período de residencia en ortopedia la presencia de dificultades emocionales en la formación profesional. MÉTODO: estudio prospectivo compuesto por 13 varones residentes, con una edad media de 26 años. Se utilizó el método Rorschach (SC) se aplicó en el 1.er mes del R1 (T0), en el 12º mes del R1 (T2) y en el 9º mes del R3 (T3). RESULTADOS: elevada cantidad de respuestas MOR en T0, que disminuyó notablemente a lo largo del tiempo (T3). Acerca de las variables FD S, ambas presentaron disminución mínima de T0 a T3, aunque se incrementaron significativamente en T2. Los residentes comienzan el R1 presentando componentes autodestructivos que se disipan con el tiempo y mantienen las características de autoexigencia y autoinspección. CONCLUSIÓN: La residencia médica no se presenta perjudicial, sin embargo, se puede potencializar la fuente de vulnerabilidades emocionales, especialmente durante el primer año por inexperiencia, ritmo e intensidad de la tarea médica. (AU)

Impact of anxiety and depression on morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact of anxiety and depression on morbidity and mortality of patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study, with follow-up of two years, conducted with 94 patients. The morbidity and mortality (readmission, myocardial revascularization, and death) was evaluated immediately after discharge and after one and two years. Anxiety and depression were evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and by Beck's Depression Inventory. The Kaplan-Meier estimator and the Logrank test were used. The significance level adopted was 0.05. RESULTS: We observed that 76.6% of the patients did not present symptoms of depression or had mild signs, while 78.8% had low to moderate anxiety. The symptoms of depression and anxiety were not related to morbidity (need for MR p=0.098 and 0.56, respectively; readmission p=0.962 and 0.369, respectively) and mortality (p=0.434 and 0.077, respectively). CONCLUSION: No relationship was found between levels of anxiety and depression with the morbidity and mortality of patients.

Impact of anxiety and depression on morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary syndrome / Impacto de la ansiedad y depresión en la morbimortalidad de pacientes con síndrome coronaria / Impacto da ansiedade e depressão na morbimortalidade de pacientes com síndrome coronariana

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the impact of anxiety and depression on morbidity and mortality of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Method: Retrospective cohort study, with follow-up of two years, conducted with 94 patients. The morbidity and mortality (readmission, myocardial revascularization, and death) was evaluated immediately after discharge and after one and two years. Anxiety and depression were evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and by Beck's Depression Inventory. The Kaplan-Meier estimator and the Logrank test were used. The significance level adopted was 0.05. Results: We observed that 76.6% of the patients did not present symptoms of depression or had mild signs, while 78.8% had low to moderate anxiety. The symptoms of depression and anxiety were not related to morbidity (need for MR p=0.098 and 0.56, respectively; readmission p=0.962 and 0.369, respectively) and mortality (p=0.434 and 0.077, respectively). Conclusion: No relationship was found between levels of anxiety and depression with the morbidity and mortality of patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la ansiedad y de la depresión en la morbimortalidad de pacientes con síndrome coronaria aguda. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, con seguimiento de dos años, ha sido realizado con 94 pacientes. La morbimortalidad (la readmisión, la revascularización del miocardio y del óbito) ha sido evaluada inmediatamente después del alta hospitalaria y después de uno y dos años. La ansiedad y la depresión han sido evaluadas por el Inventario de Ansiedad Trazo y por el Inventario de Depresión de Beck. Se ha utilizado de los gráficos de Kaplan-Meier y de la prueba Logrank. El nivel de significancia que ha sido adoptado ha sido de 0,05. Resultados: Se ha observado que el 76,6% de los pacientes no presentaban síntomas de depresión o presentaban señales leves y el 78,8% tenían ansiedad de baja a moderada. Los síntomas de depresión y de ansiedad no se han relacionado a la morbilidad (necesidad de RM p=0,098 y 0,56, respectivamente; readmisión p=0,962 y 0,369, respectivamente) y a la mortandad (p=0,434 y 0,077, respectivamente). Conclusión: No hubo relación entre niveles de ansiedad y depresión con la morbimortalidad de los pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da ansiedade e depressão na morbimortalidade de pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com seguimento de dois anos, realizado com 94 pacientes. A morbimortalidade (readmissão, revascularização do miocárdio e óbito) foi avaliada imediatamente após a alta hospitalar e depois de um e dois anos. A ansiedade e a depressão foram avaliadas pelo Inventário de Ansiedade Traço e pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck. Utilizou-se dos gráficos de Kaplan-Meier e do teste Logrank. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados: Observou-se que 76,6% dos pacientes não apresentavam sintomas de depressão ou apresentavam sinais leves e 78,8% tinham ansiedade baixa a moderada. Os sintomas de depressão e ansiedade não se relacionaram à morbidade (necessidade de RM p=0,098 e 0,56, respectivamente; readmissão p=0,962 e 0,369, respectivamente) e à mortalidade (p=0,434 e 0,077, respectivamente). Conclusão: Não houve relação entre níveis de ansiedade e depressão com a morbimortalidade dos pacientes.

Interns' depressive symptoms evolution and training aspects: a prospective cohort study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To study depression symptoms' incidence of medical interns (first year of medical residency) and its correlation with occupational characteristics, satisfaction and stress about their training program. METHODS Prospective Cohort Study conducted at Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. First year residents, N = 166, from a teaching hospital were invited to answer the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and an occupational questionnaire in a prospective longitudinal study. BDI score variation was related with socio-demographic aspects and occupational characteristics using linear regression models. RESULTS 111 subjects participated (67%); the BDI-score increased in 8 months (mean = 2.75 ± 3.29 vs. 7.00 ± 5.66; p<0.0001). The depressive symptoms' incidence was 9.01% (score>15). BDI-score variation had mean = 4.25 ± 4.93, ranging from -8 to 28. Residents not satisfied with professional training acquired (β = 3.44; p = 0.004), with their personal life (β = 2.97; p = 0.001), or who felt stressed in the relationship with senior residents (β = 2.91; p = 0.015) presented 3 more points of BDI-score after 8 months comparing to those without these perceptions; and being unsatisfied with the nursing team increased BDI-score after 8 months in 2 more points (β = 1.95; p = 0.025). CONCLUSION Among the factors that interfere with depression in interns is the occupational characteristics, which might be enhanced by the training facility. Addressing these dissatisfaction and stressful issues should help the university provide better care of interns' mental health.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estudar a incidência de sintomas depressivos em residentes de medicina de 10 ano e sua correlação com características ocupacionais, satisfação e estresse no programa. MÉTODOS Coorte prospectivo realizado na Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Foram convidados 166 médicos residentes do hospital universitário para responder ao Inventário de Depressão Beck (BDI) e a um questionário ocupacional num estudo prospectivo longitudinal. O escore da variação do BDI foi relacionado com aspectos sociodemográficos e características ocupacionais usando um modelo de regressão linear. RESULTADOS Cento e onze sujeitos participaram (67%); o escore do BDI aumentou em oito meses (média = 2,75 ± 3,29 vs. 7,00 ± 5,66; p<0,0001). A incidência dos sintomas depressivos foi de 9,01% (escore>15). A variação do escore do BDI teve média = 4,25 ± 4,93 (de -8 a 28). Residentes não satisfeitos com o treinamento profissional (β = 3,44; p = 0,004), com a vida pessoal (β = 2,97; p = 0,001) ou que se sentem estressados na relação com residentes seniores (β = 2,91; p = 0,015) apresentaram 3 pontos a mais do escore do BDI depois de oito meses em comparação com aqueles sem tais percepções; estar insatisfeito com a equipe de enfermagem aumentou o escore do BDI em 2 pontos (β = 1,95; p = 0,025). CONCLUSÃO Entre os fatores que interferem na depressão em residentes estão as características ocupacionais que podem ser melhoradas no treinamento. Esclarecer tais pontos pode ajudar a instituição a prover um melhor cuidado em saúde mental.

Interns' depressive symptoms evolution and training aspects: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To study depression symptoms' incidence of medical interns (first year of medical residency) and its correlation with occupational characteristics, satisfaction and stress about their training program. METHODS: Prospective Cohort Study conducted at Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. First year residents, N = 166, from a teaching hospital were invited to answer the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and an occupational questionnaire in a prospective longitudinal study. BDI score variation was related with socio-demographic aspects and occupational characteristics using linear regression models. RESULTS: 111 subjects participated (67%); the BDI-score increased in 8 months (mean = 2.75 ± 3.29 vs. 7.00 ± 5.66; p<0.0001). The depressive symptoms' incidence was 9.01% (score>15). BDI-score variation had mean = 4.25 ± 4.93, ranging from -8 to 28. Residents not satisfied with professional training acquired (ß = 3.44; p = 0.004), with their personal life (ß = 2.97; p = 0.001), or who felt stressed in the relationship with senior residents (ß = 2.91; p = 0.015) presented 3 more points of BDI-score after 8 months comparing to those without these perceptions; and being unsatisfied with the nursing team increased BDI-score after 8 months in 2 more points (ß = 1.95; p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Among the factors that interfere with depression in interns is the occupational characteristics, which might be enhanced by the training facility. Addressing these dissatisfaction and stressful issues should help the university provide better care of interns' mental health.

Predictive Factors of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the predictive factors of anxiety and depression in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Cross-sectional and retrospective study conducted with 120 patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome. Factors interfering with anxiety and depression were assessed. RESULTS: Anxiety was related to sex, stress, years of education, and depression, while depression was related to sex, diabetes mellitus, obesity, years of education, and trait-anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and anxiety were considered predictive factors for depression, while depression and fewer years of education were considered predictive factors for anxiety.

Positive Effects of a Stress Reduction Program Based on Mindfulness Meditation in Brazilian Nursing Professionals: Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation.

CONTEXT: Mindfulness meditation has been shown to effectively mitigate the negative effects of stress among nursing professionals, but in countries like Brazil, these practices are relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a Stress Reduction Program (SRP) including mindfulness and loving kindness meditation among nursing professionals working in a Brazilian hospital setting. DESIGN: Pilot study with a mixed model using quantitative and qualitative methods was used to evaluate a group of participants. The quantitative data were analyzed at three different time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up. The qualitative data were analyzed at post-intervention. SETTING: Hospital São Paulo (Brazil). PARTICIPANTS: Sample 13 nursing professionals, including nurses, technicians, and nursing assistants working in a hospital. INTERVENTION: Participants underwent mindfulness and loving kindness meditation during a period of six weeks. INSTRUMENTS: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment, and Work Stress Scale (WSS). Qualitative data were collected via a group interview following six weeks participation in the SRP. RESULTS: The quantitative analyses revealed a significant reduction (P < .05) between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores for perceived stress, burnout, depression, and anxiety (trait). These variables showed no significant differences between post-intervention and follow-up scores. The WHOQOL-BREF revealed significant increase (P < .05) just in the physical and psychological domains at post-intervention scores, which remained at the follow-up. Qualitative results showed improvement in the reactivity to inner experience; a more attentive perception of internal and external experiences; greater attention and awareness of actions and attitudes at every moment; and a positive influence of the SRP in nursing activities.

Nursing guidance on bed baths to reduce anxiety.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing guidance protocol to reduce the anxiety of patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing bed bath, and the correlation of vital signs with state-anxiety. METHOD: randomized clinical trial study. The sample consisted of 120 patients. The intervention group received a nursing guidance protocol about bed bath and the control group received the unit's routine information. The STAI-State scale was used to assess anxiety, and data were collected at three times: immediately after informing the patients about the bed bath; immediately after interventions; and immediately after the bath. RESULTS: the intervention group presented significantly lower state-anxiety compared to the control group (p<0.001) after the intervention. CONCLUSION: the nursing orientation was effective to reduce anxiety in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing bed bath.

Orientação de enfermagem sobre o banho no leito para redução da ansiedade / Orientación de enfermería acerca del baño en el lecho para reducción de la ansiedad / Nursing guidance on bed baths to reduce anxiety

RESUMOObjetivo:avaliar a efetividade de um protocolo de orientação de enfermagem para redução da ansiedade de pacientes com síndrome coronária aguda, submetidos ao banho no leito e a relação dos sinais vitais com a Ansiedade-Estado.Método:ensaio clínico randomizado. A amostra foi constituída por 120 pacientes. O grupo intervenção recebeu um protocolo de orientação de enfermagem sobre o banho no leito e o grupo controle as informações rotineiras da unidade. A ansiedade foi avaliada por meio do Inventário de Ansiedade-Estado em três momentos: imediatamente após informar ao paciente sobre a necessidade do banho no leito, imediatamente após as intervenções e imediatamente após o banho.Resultados:o grupo intervenção teve uma redução significativamente maior da ansiedade quando comparado ao grupo controle (p<0,001) após a intervenção.Conclusão:a orientação de enfermagem foi efetiva para reduzir a ansiedade dos pacientes com síndrome coronária aguda que se submetem ao banho no leito.

RESUMENObjetivo:evaluar la efectividad de un protocolo de orientación de enfermería para reducción de la ansiedad de pacientes con síndrome coronario aguda, sometidos al baño en el lecho y la relación de las señales vitales con la Ansiedad-Estado.Metodo:ensayo clínico randomizado. La muestra estaba constituida por 120 pacientes. El grupo intervención recibió un protocolo de orientación de enfermería sobre el baño en el lecho y el grupo control, la información rutinaria de la unidad. La ansiedad se evaluó por medio del Inventario de Ansiedad-Estado en tres momentos: inmediatamente tras informar al paciente sobre la necesidad del baño en el lecho, inmediatamente tras las intervenciones e inmediatamente tras el baño.Resultados:el grupo intervención tuvo una reducción signifi cativamente mayor de la ansiedad cuando comparado al grupo control (p<0,001) tras la intervención.Conclusión:la orientación de enfermería fue efectiva para reducir la ansiedad de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo que se someten al baño en el lecho.

ABSTRACTObjective:to evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing guidance protocol to reduce the anxiety of patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing bed bath, and the correlation of vital signs with state-anxiety.Method:randomized clinical trial study. The sample consisted of 120 patients. The intervention group received a nursing guidance protocol about bed bath and the control group received the unit’s routine information. The STAI-State scale was used to assess anxiety, and data were collected at three times: immediately after informing the patients about the bed bath; immediately after interventions; and immediately after the bath.Results:the intervention group presented signifi cantly lower state-anxiety compared to the control group (p<0.001) after the intervention.Conclusion:the nursing orientation was effective to reduce anxiety in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing bed bath.

Cuidando do estudante enquanto futuro profissional: a importância da formação e da avaliação de atitudes / Caring for the student as a professional future: the importance of training and assessment of attitudes

A formaçao integral do graduado em Medicina compreende a aquisição de conhecimentos o aprendizado de habilidades psicomotoras e em particular o desenvolvimento de habilidades afetivo-relacionais apropriadas ao exercicio profissional...a

[Embracement and anxiety symptoms in patients before cardiac surgery]. / Acolhimento e sintomas de ansiedade em pacientes no pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca.

This is a randomized clinical trial, aimed to compare the frequency and intensity of symptoms of anxiety in patients of preoperative cardiac surgery who received empathic behavior from nurse or family or those who received no specific type of empathic behavior. The sample consisted of 66 patients in preoperative of cardiac surgery, which were divided in three groups: empathic behavior by nurses, without specific empathic behavior and by family. Anxiety was assessed at two points in time: before and after the intervention. The instrument used was developed and validated by Suriano, comprising 19 defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis anxiety. It was observed that the reduction of anxiety symptoms was higher in the group receiving empathic behavior of relatives when compared to the other two groups. The results suggested that encouraging the participation of family members can contribute to the reduction of anxiety symptoms in patients in preoperative cardiac surgery.

Acolhimento e sintomas de ansiedade em pacientes no pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Embracement and anxiety symptoms in patients before cardiac surgery / Acogimiento y síntomas de ansiedad en los pacientes antes de la cirugía cardíaca

Trata-se de ensaio clínico randomizado, em que se objetivou comparar a frequência e intensidade de sintomas de ansiedade de pacientes em pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca que receberam acolhimento do enfermeiro ou do familiar ou os que não receberam nenhum tipo específico de acolhimento. A amostra foi constituída de 66 pacientes em pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, que foram alocados em três grupos: acolhimento pelo enfermeiro, sem acolhimento específico e acolhimento pelo familiar. A ansiedade foi avaliada em dois momentos: antes e após a intervenção. O instrumento utilizado foi o construído e validado por Suriano, composto por 19 características definidoras do diagnóstico de enfermagem ansiedade. Observou-se que a redução dos sintomas de ansiedade foi maior no grupo que recebeu acolhimento dos familiares quando comparado aos outros dois grupos. Os resultados sugerem que o incentivo à participação de familiares pode contribuir para a redução de sintomas ansiosos em pacientes no pré-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas.

This is a randomized clinical trial, aimed to compare the frequency and intensity of symptoms of anxiety in patients of preoperative cardiac surgery who received empathic behavior from nurse or family or those who received no specific type of empathic behavior. The sample consisted of 66 patients in preoperative of cardiac surgery, which were divided in three groups: empathic behavior by nurses, without specific empathic behavior and by family. Anxiety was assessed at two points in time: before and after the intervention. The instrument used was developed and validated by Suriano, comprising 19 defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis anxiety. It was observed that the reduction of anxiety symptoms was higher in the group receiving empathic behavior of relatives when compared to the other two groups. The results suggested that encouraging the participation of family members can contribute to the reduction of anxiety symptoms in patients in preoperative cardiac surgery.

El objetivo fue comparar la frecuencia y la intensidad de los síntomas de ansiedad en pacientes preoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca que recibieron comportamiento empático de las enfermeras o familiares o aquellos que no recibieron ningún tipo específico de acogida. Se trata de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado. La muestra estuvo constituida por 66 pacientes de cirugía cardíaca preoperatoria, que fueron divididos en tres grupos: comportamiento empático de las enfermeras sin comportamiento empático específico y comportamiento empático de la familia. La ansiedad se evaluó en dos puntos de tiempo: antes y después de la intervención. El instrumento utilizado fue desarrollado y validado por Suriano, que comprende 19 características definitorias de la ansiedad- diagnóstico de enfermería. Se observó que la reducción de los síntomas de ansiedad fue mayor en el grupo que recibió comportamiento empático de familiares en comparación con los otros dos grupos. Los resultados sugieren que el fomento de la participación de los miembros de la familia puede contribuir a la reducción de los síntomas de ansiedad en los pacientes de preoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca.

[Physicians' mortality in São Paulo State, Brazil, 2000-2009]. / Estudo da mortalidade dos médicos no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período 2000-2009.

This study presents the distribution of causes of death among physicians in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2000 to 2009. The study used the database of the Mortality Information System, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, limited to death certificates in which the item on occupation was reported as "physician". Underlying causes of death were classified according to ICD-10 chapters. The study showed that cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death among physicians, followed by cancer and respiratory diseases. Under age 40, doctors of both genders died mainly from external causes. Among cancer deaths, breast cancer was the leading cause in women and lung cancer the first cause in men. The results show the need to promote adequate health habits and disease prevention among physicians, seeking to raise awareness in this group of professionals.

Estudo da mortalidade dos médicos no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período 2000-2009 / Physicians' mortality in São Paulo State, Brazil, 2000-2009 / Estudio de la mortalidad de los médicos en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, durante el período de 2000 a 2009

O presente estudo apresenta a distribuição das causas de morte de médicos do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, cujos óbitos ocorreram entre os anos de 2000 e 2009. Utilizou-se o banco de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, do Ministério da Saúde, limitando-se às declarações de óbito cujo campo de ocupação estava preenchido como "médico". As causas básicas de morte foram classificadas de acordo com os capítulos da CID-10. O estudo revela que doenças do aparelho circulatório foram a principal causa de morte entre os médicos na última década, seguidas das neoplasias e doenças do aparelho respiratório. As causas externas constituíram as principais causas de morte abaixo de 40 anos. Câncer da mama foi responsável pela maior parte dos óbitos por neoplasias entre mulheres, enquanto entre os homens a neoplasia de pulmão ocupou a primeira posição. Sugere-se a necessidade de se estimular hábitos adequados de saúde e prevenção de doenças entre os médicos, buscando informar e sensibilizar este grupo de profissionais.

This study presents the distribution of causes of death among physicians in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2000 to 2009. The study used the database of the Mortality Information System, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, limited to death certificates in which the item on occupation was reported as "physician". Underlying causes of death were classified according to ICD-10 chapters. The study showed that cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death among physicians, followed by cancer and respiratory diseases. Under age 40, doctors of both genders died mainly from external causes. Among cancer deaths, breast cancer was the leading cause in women and lung cancer the first cause in men. The results show the need to promote adequate health habits and disease prevention among physicians, seeking to raise awareness in this group of professionals.

El estudio presenta la distribución de las causas de muerte de los médicos en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre los años 2000 y 2009. Se utilizó la base de datos del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud, limitándose a los certificados de defunción, cuya ocupación del finado figuraba como "médico". Las principales causas de muerte fueron clasificadas de acuerdo con los capítulos del CIE-10. El estudio muestra que las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte entre los médicos durante la última década, seguido del cáncer y las enfermedades respiratorias. Las causas externas fueron las principales causas de muerte en menores de 40 años. El cáncer de mama es responsable de la mayoría de las muertes por cáncer entre las mujeres, mientras que entre los hombres el cáncer de pulmón ocupa el primer lugar. Se sugiere la necesidad de estimular los hábitos adecuados de salud y prevención de enfermedades entre los médicos, buscando informar y sensibilizar a este colectivo de profesionales.

Depression in medical students: cluster symptoms and management.

BACKGROUND: Rates of depression among medical students have been shown to be high and related to year of study and other factors. We report on cluster of symptoms related to depression and their association with other difficulties in specific domains. METHODS: 481 (Response rate=79.8%) medical students completed a questionnaire about areas of difficulty in the medical school (studies, leisure, colleagues, professors, and patients), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We studied correlation among areas of difficulty and clusters of BDI along with year in the course. RESULTS: Two areas which contributed most difficulty were studies and leisure. The significant associations for studies were seen between somatic cluster of depressive symptoms and the level of the course. Difficulties associated with leisure activities and with colleagues were correlated with the affective cluster of symptoms of depression. Activities related to clinical matters especially working with patients in the internship year were associated with somatic clusters. The different associations confirmed that rather than relying on scores emphasis should be placed on clusters of symptoms. LIMITATIONS: Sample from a single medical school. CONCLUSIONS: Although the clusters are associated with specific difficulties, it is important that educators and health professionals are aware of streesors the medical students face. The correlations if confirmed in future studies with qualitative factors could guide the development of more specific therapeutic or curriculum interventions.

Construção e validação de um manual informativo sobre o banho no leito / Development and validation of an informative booklet on bed bath

OBJETIVO: Construir e validar um manual informativo sobre o banho no leito para pacientes com síndrome coronária aguda. MÉTODOS: O manual informativo foi desenvolvido com base na experiência profissional dos pesquisadores e em levantamento bibliográfico. A versão preliminar do manual foi submetida à validação de conteúdo por dez enfermeiros, utilizando a Técnica de Delphi. A versão final do manual foi validada com 35 pacientes internados na unidade coronariana e que haviam vivenciado ao menos uma vez o banho no leito utilizando escala do tipo Likert. RESULTADOS: O manual informativo foi construído contendo informações sobre o banho no leito e as razões da necessidade deste procedimento. Na primeira fase foram necessárias quatro rodadas para o consenso entre os enfermeiros. Na segunda fase, foi observada uma média de escore superior a 4, sendo considerado como validado. CONCLUSÃO: Foi construído e validado um manual informativo sobre o banho no leito para pacientes com síndrome coronária aguda.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an informative booklet on bed bath for coronary patients. METHOD: The informative booklet was developed based on the experience of researchers and literature. The booklet was subjected to content validation for ten nurses, using the Delphi technique. The final version of the booklet has been validated with 35 patients admitted to the coronary care unit and who had experienced at least once the bed bath, using Likert scale. RESULTS: The informative booklet was developed containing information about bed bath and the reasons that patients need this procedure. In the first phase were required four rounds to obtain consensus among nurses. In the second phase, it was observed that the average of the responses were above 4, thus, the booklet was considered as validated. CONCLUSION: This study developed and validated an informative booklet on bed bath for coronary patients.

Clinical and demographic profile of anesthesiologists using alcohol and other drugs under treatment in a pioneering program in Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anesthesiologists are the majority in impaired-physician programs that assist physicians who abuse psychoactive substances. The aim of this paper is to show a descriptive study about the clinical and sociodemographic profile of a sample of chemically dependent anesthesiologists treated in a reference program. In addition, the objective is to cite the psychiatric comorbities, the most frequently used drugs and the psychosocial and professional repercussions of substance abuse. METHOD: A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted, and a socio-occupational questionnaire and a structured interview were carried out to diagnose mental and psychoactive substance use disorders, according to the International Classification of Diseases (the ICD-10). The questionnaire and the structured interview were carried out by two skilled researchers. RESULTS: Fifty-seven anesthesiologists were interviewed. Most of them were male (77.2%), and the mean age was 36.1 years (SD=8.5%). A high prevalence of abuse of opioid (59.6%), benzodiazepine (3.1%) and alcohol (35.1%) was observed. Opioid users sought treatment earlier than other substance users and usually they were under pressure from their colleagues and the Regional Council of Medicine. The incidence of drug abuse for self-medication was high in this subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesiologists may present a different profile concerning the risks of opioid use. Opioid abuse usually begins during medical residency or during the first years of clinical practice, which supports the hypothesis that addiction to opioids is an occupational issue among anesthesiologists.